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Skepticism
: The notion that the
truth (about something) is difficult to
find. As stated, skepticism is relative to something,
and does not deny there is truth to be established, but insists only that it is
difficult to find. There have been various schools of Skepticism, some
of which went further and denied that truth can be found. The problem
with the stronger thesis is that it is self-defeating when asserted
about any possible truth about anything: If it is true that no truth can
be found, it must be false that no truth can be found, by plain
logic. (Likewise, one cannot
know that one knows nothing.)
When skepticism is taken in the moderate non-dogmatic sense it was
defined, it generally is a wise, scientific,
and sensible attitude, that is close to
fallibilism. Indeed, about most things skepticism tends to be true,
for the truth about most things, and certainly 'the truth, the whole
truth, and nothing but the truth' is difficult to ascertain, and may
take the work of many generations of the smartest men to establish.
Also it should be noted here that, in the moderate sense, one can be
both skeptical and truthful, in that most of one's judgements will tend
to be of the form 'I believe it is true that it is probable to
such-and-such a degree that ...'. One may be quite certain about one's
own uncertainty, and even so regard certain things one is uncertain of
to be considerably more (or less) probable than not, on the basis of
such evidence as one believes one has.
When skepticism is taken in a less moderate or less non-dogmatic sense, it
looses its rational and skeptical flavour and orienation, and tends to
turn into something quite different, namely
relativism.
For relativists the normal position is something like 'anything goes' - any
opinion (about something) is as good as any other opinion. This is difficult to combine
consistently with moderate skepticism, because for relativists there
tends to be no truth of the matter: All that counts, if anything, is how
many people support an idea, regardless of the evidence or
qualifications they have. Another reason moderate skepticism and
relativism tend to be inconsistent is that in fact there is nothing
skeptical about relativism: It dogmatically and absolutely insists that
all opinions (about something) are equally good, usually precisely
because it likewise dogmatically and absolutely insists that there is no
truth (of the supposed or of any kind). Thus, relativism tends to be a cheap and
easy justification of wishful
thinking.
Finally, it should be noted that moderate skepticism has no
difficulty with admitting that some truths can be established quite
easily, and indeed also that the judgment about certain subjects that
the truth about these subjects is difficult to find is simply and
unproblematically true (and usually can easily be supported with conclusive
evidence, namely to the effect that
there are diverse qualified and sincere persons with opposing ideas and
inconclusive evidence for their ideas).
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