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Design argument: Argument for the
existence of God - a divine maker of all there is - based on the
argument that natural things are so clearly perfect and beyond the
powers of man that there must be a designer of them: God. The
design argument for God's existence (or the existence of gods) seems
old, and can be seen as a version or supplement of the
Cosmological argument.
As stated, it clearly depends on a judgment of taste, namely that
most, many or all natural things, and especially plants and animals, are
'perfect' in the relevant sense. For those who know a little of biology,
it is clear that (1) life as it is lived and lives is mostly a cruel
affair, where the individuals of one species live by killing individuals
of other species for food or by parasiting upon them, and that (2) if it
were designed by an all-powerful, benevolent, omniscient God, with the
sort of values commonly attributed to Him in Holy Books of the faiths,
then very many horrors - cancer, AIDS, Ebola-virus and a very long
further list of natural horrors without any clear purpose but involving
lots of pain and suffering - could have been avoided.
But there are also more logical objections to the design argument,
that can be seen by considering the so-called Greenlander argument,
much beloved by the 18th Century Scottish judge and philosopher Lord
Henry Kames. It comes to this: A Greenlander - of what then was
claimed to be 'a primitive human race' - was then supposed to have
argued as follows: 'A kayak is a work of art that can be made only by
the most skilled of men, but a bird is an even greater work of art than
a kayak, thus there must be an artisan to make birds who is even greater
than man.'
Apart from the fact that the conclusion does not logically follow
from the premisses as stated, there are two objections: (1) A kayak may
be a work of art and design, but it has not been proved but is
merely asserted or assumed that a bird also is a work of art and design
and (2) why assume an artisan outside nature if one can assume
nature is what produced what appear as natural works of art to man?
And indeed, Darwin and later Crick and Watson explained how nature
might produce its miracles, without any designer: By evolution and
genes, all in terms of natural causes and principles, ultimately
explainable in terms of physics and chance.
Finally, the design argument involves a similar serious logical
problem as the
Cosmological argument, namely that if it is necessary to
explain what exists by introducing the existence of a designer of it,
then the designer also must have a designer, and so on ad infinitum,
which seems absurd. Hence it seems far more reasonable not to start that
infinite regress by not making the first step. |